Newton–Leibniz Formula

The Newton–Leibniz formula links a definite integral to antiderivatives, giving a powerful way to compute integrals.

基本公式

Newton–Leibniz formula

If f(x)f(x) is continuous on [a,b][a, b] and F(x)F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)f(x), then

∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)

Notation: ∫abf(x) dx=[F(x)]ab=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = [F(x)]_a^b = F(b) - F(a)

Meaning

  1. Connects differentiation and integration via antiderivatives.
  2. Simplifies computation: avoids direct Riemann-sum calculations.
  3. Theoretical cornerstone of calculus.

公式的证明

思路

  1. Let F(x)=∫axf(t) dtF(x) = \int_a^x f(t)\,dt; then F′(x)=f(x)F'(x) = f(x).
  2. Any antiderivative GG satisfies G(x)=F(x)+CG(x) = F(x) + C.
  3. ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)=G(b)−G(a)\int_a^b f(x)\,dx = F(b)-F(a) = G(b)-G(a).

详细过程

Step 1 Construct F(x)=∫axf(t) dtF(x) = \int_a^x f(t)\,dt, so F′(x)=f(x)F'(x)=f(x).
Step 2 If G′(x)=f(x)G'(x)=f(x), then G(x)=F(x)+CG(x)=F(x)+C.
Step 3 ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)=G(b)−G(a)\int_a^b f(x)\,dx = F(b)-F(a)=G(b)-G(a).

应用例子

基本应用

例 1 ∫01x2dx\int_0^1 x^2 dx
解:F(x)=x33F(x)=\tfrac{x^3}{3},结果 13\tfrac13。

例 2 ∫0πsin⁡x dx\int_0^{\pi} \sin x \, dx
解:F(x)=−cos⁡xF(x)=-\cos x,结果 22。

复杂应用

例 3 ∫1e1xdx=[ln⁡x]1e=1\int_1^e \dfrac{1}{x} dx = [\ln x]_1^e = 1。
例 4 ∫0π/2cos⁡2x dx=π4\int_0^{\pi/2} \cos^2 x \, dx = \frac{\pi}{4}(用恒等式 cos⁡2x=1+cos⁡2x2\cos^2 x = \frac{1+\cos 2x}{2})。

公式的推广

变限积分

若 ff 连续,则

ddx∫axf(t) dt=f(x)\frac{d}{dx} \int_a^x f(t)\,dt = f(x)

复合换元

若 ff 连续,uu 可导且 u([c,d])⊆[a,b]u([c,d])\subseteq[a,b]:

∫cdf(u(x))u′(x) dx=∫u(c)u(d)f(t) dt\int_c^d f(u(x))u'(x)\,dx = \int_{u(c)}^{u(d)} f(t)\,dt

练习题

  1. ∫01x3dx\int_0^1 x^3 dx

    参考答案
    14\tfrac14

  2. ∫0π/2cos⁡x dx\int_0^{\pi/2} \cos x \, dx

    参考答案
    11

  3. ∫141xdx\int_1^4 \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}} dx

    参考答案
    22

  4. ∫01exdx\int_0^1 e^x dx

    参考答案
    e−1e-1


总结

本文出现的希腊字母

希腊字母读音说明
π\piPi(派)圆周率,在积分上限中出现